The compliance of the Romanian listed companies with the principles and provisions of the Corporate Governance Code

Starting from the research assumption that the Corporate Governance Code issued by Bucharest Stock Exchange (BSE) aims at building an internationally attractive capital market in Romania, based on best practices, transparency and trust that encourages companies to build a strong relationship with their shareholders and other stakeholders, communicate effectively and transparently and show openness towards all potential investors, in this paper we would like to present the degree of compliance of the companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange with the principles and provisions of the Corporate Governance Code. The aim of this paper is achieved by presenting and commenting on the principles issued by the BSE regarding the corporate governance and by analysing the Corporate Governance Reports of the companies, presenting at the same time the compliance of the listed companies with these principles and provisions, by using the data issued in 2018 by the entities included in our study, namely the listed companies on the main market of the Bucharest Stock Exchange. Our analysis reflects that, although the provisions and principles of the Corporate Governance Code are not mandatory for the listed companies, they are largely implemented in the activity of companies because an efficient corporate governance system can represent a competitive advantage for any economic entity in the context of globalisation.


INTRODUCTION
Corporate governance is defined in the international literature (OECD, 2015) as the set of relationships between a company's management and its stakeholders. The first definition of the concept dates back to 1992 and presents corporate governance as the set of rules by which companies are directed and controlled (Cadbury Report, 1992), trying to provide an answer to the question how shareholders are getting a return on their investment (La Porta et al., 2000).
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is one of the organisations that have been particularly involved in the implementation of certain provisions, structures and mechanisms of corporate governance, the developed principles being guidelines, rules of good practice for the organisation of companies and their way of reporting relationships with third parties (O. Jula, 2017). An essential feature of the Corporate Governance Codes is that they are implemented on the basis of the "Comply or Explain" principle which discloses to the market clear, accurate and up-to-date information regarding the compliance of the listed companies with the corporate governance rules, avoiding the "one size fits all" framework (Seidl et al., 2013).
In other words, a good corporate governance can be translated through efficient rules, policies and procedures of business management, administration and control. It is essential for companies that want to reduce operational and financial risks, increase performance, open towards new markets and add more value to the relationship with their current and potential investors (Fulop. M, et al.2015).
In Romania, the concept of corporate governance appeared at the beginning of the 2000s, being initially governed by the Code of Management and Administration of the Bucharest Stock Exchange. (Apostol C.,2015).
According to BSE (2015), the purpose of the Corporate Governance Code is to create in Romania an internationally attractive capital market, based on best practices, transparency and trust. To achieve these goals, listed entities must comply to a great extent with the principles and provisions elaborated by the Bucharest Stock Exchange.
Researchers such as Vintilă G. and Moscu R. (2014) studied the level of compliance for 55 entities listed on the BSE in 2013 and found that the degree of compliance with the Code of Corporate Governance of BSE is achieved at a rate of 70.6%, the lowest score is based on a result of 21.1% and the highest is 92.3%. Rose C. (2016) investigates the degree of Danish firm adherence to the Danish Code of Corporate Governance and analyzes whether a higher degree of comply or explain disclosure is related to firm performance. His analysis shows that there is a positive link between Return on Equity / Return on Assets and Danish firm total corporate governance comply or explain disclosure scores. In their study Madanoglua M et al. (2018) defends the view that the adoption of corporate governance provisions should not be seen as a detriment to firms' financial performance. Using a settheoretic method, such as the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), his findings revealed that there are three configurations of governance provisions that lead to superior financial performance.
The purpose of this study is to present the results of an analysis carried out on the companies listed on the main market of the Bucharest Stock Exchange in order to measure their degree of compliance with the principles and provisions of the Corporate Governance Code developed by the BSE in relation to the aspects regarding the responsibilities of the Board of Directors in the case of the individually managed companies or of the Supervisory Board / Directorate in the dualistic system, the risk management system and the internal control, the fair reward and motivation of the members of these boards and the value added through the relationship with the current and potential investors.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
PAGE 57| Journal of Corporate Governance, Insurance, and Risk Management | 2020, VOL. 7, Series. 2 In this paper we aim to measure the degree to which the companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange (BSE) comply with the provisions and principles of the Corporate Governance Code developed by the BSE with regard to the responsibilities of the management, the risk management system and the internal control, the fair reward and motivation of the members of the Board of Directors or the Supervisory Board and the added value created through the relationship with the current and potential investors.
By means of the corporate governance statement, included in the Annual Report in a separate section, the listed companies perform a self-assessment of how "the provisions to be observed" are met and outline the measures taken to comply with the aspects that are not fully met. The research methodology used, the observation, was based mainly on the analysis of the Annual Reports and of the   B.8. Whenever the Code mentions reviews or analysis to be exercised by the Audit Committee, these should be followed by cyclical (at least annual), or ad-hoc reports to be submitted to the Board afterwards.
B.9. No shareholder may be given undue preference over other shareholders with regard to transactions and agreements made by the company with shareholders and their related parties.
B.10. The Board should adopt a policy ensuring that any transaction of the company with any of the companies with which it has close relations, that is equal to or more than 5% of the net assets of the company (as stated in the latest financial report), should be approved by the Board following an obligatory opinion of the Board's audit committee, and fairly disclosed to the shareholders and potential investors, to the extent that such transactions fall under the category of events subject to disclosure requirements.
B.11. The internal audits should be carried out by a separate structural division (internal audit department) within the company or by retaining an independent third-party entity. B.12.
To ensure the fulfillment of the core functions of the internal audit department, it should report functionally to the Board via the audit committee. For administrative purposes and in the scope related to the obligations of the management to monitor and mitigate risks, it should report directly to the chief executive officer.

Section C -Fair rewards and motivation
C.1 The company should publish a remuneration policy on its website and include in its annual report a remuneration statement on the implementation of this policy during the annual period under review.

Source: BSE Corporate Governance Code
For the entities included in our study we used a scoring system that reflects the extent to which they comply with the provisions and principles presented above, thus transforming the enunciative data into numerical, quantitative data, in order to measure the companies' ability in implementing "good" corporate governance practices (Udo Braendle, 2019). Taking into account the fact that in the Comply or explain statement the companies have three options through a self-assessment that reflects the full compliance, partial compliance or non-compliance, the following table reflects the scoring system used according to the response published by the studied companies:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The analysis of the Comply or explain statement made for each of the 61 entities studied in accordance with the scoring system, highlights the following level of conformity with the Code's provisions and principles: From the analysis carried out we can see that the studied entities comply to a great extent with the provisions of the Corporate Governance Code. The lowest result was obtained in section C, which refers to the remuneration policy which must be based on the fair reward and motivation for the members of the Council and for the CEO or the members of the Directorate. 45% of the studied entities do not publish the remuneration policy on the companies website and do not include information on its implementation in the Annual report.
The section analysis of the level of compliance with the provisions and principles of the Code reflects the following: Graphically, the results obtained by the studied entities regarding the level of compliance with the provisions of section A are reflected as follows: Conformity with section A Source: own projection The mean of the scores obtained in section B is 27.70, with the median 33 and the mode 36. The lowest score obtained is 0 which reveals that out of the 61 companies under study some do not comply with the provisions of the Governance Code in terms of establishing the Audit Committee to periodically examine the efficiency of the financial reporting, of the internal control and of the risk management system. Moreover, the companies neither comply with the principles of governance in terms of the independence and the non-executive independent member status for at least one person within the structure. The highest score and the maximum of the section, the value 36, is obtained by companies that fully comply with the provisions of the code. Within this section, the model's amplitude is 36 and it reflects the difference between the maximum and the minimum score obtained by the companies under study.
Graphically, the results obtained by the studied entities regarding the level of compliance with the provisions of section B are reflected as follows:   Graphically, the results obtained by the studied entities regarding the level of compliance with the provisions of section C are reflected as follows:   level of compliance with the provisions of the code. Only one provision, D9, records a lower score, respectively the one that states that a company should organize at least two meetings/conference calls with analysts and investors each year and the information presented on these occasions should be published in the IR section of the company website.

Skewness
From a global perspective, the level of compliance with the provisions and principles of the code of the 61 studied entities is presented as follows: Source: own projection The total mean of the scores obtained is 77.14 points out of a total of 99 points / entity with the median 86 and the mode 93. The lowest score obtained is 12 which reveals that out of the 61 companies under study there are entities that comply to a very low extent with the provisions of the Governance Code on the 4 sections, respectively regarding the responsibilities of the management, the risk management system and the internal control, the just reward and motivation of the members of the Board of Directors or Supervision and the added value created through the relationship with current and potential investors. The highest score, the maximum, the value 99, is obtained by companies that fully comply with the provisions of the code. Within this section, the model's amplitude is 87 and it reflects the difference between the maximum and the minimum score obtained by the companies under study.
In a general approach, we can state that the scores obtained by the companies included in the research reflect a high degree of compliance with the principles of corporate governance.

CONCLUSIONS
This study has focused on the compliance of the listed entities on Main Market of the Bucharest Stock Exchange with the Corporate Governance Code principles and provisions.
After processing and analysing the data collected from the Comply or Explain Statement published by the listed entities included in the study, we can outline the following aspects regarding the degree of compliance with the principles of corporate governance: • the Comply or Explain statement reflects the extent to which the corporate governance rules are observed by the listed entities through a self-assessment that reflects the full compliance, partial compliance or non-compliance with the provisions of the Code. The statement can be included in the Annual Report or can be presented separately; • the implementation of the provisions and principles of the governance code ensures transparency, trust for both current and potential investors, as well as the fair treatment of shareholders in relation to the access to information because the statement describes the aspects regarding the administration and the control of the company; • we may notice the companies' favourable perception on the need to adopt the principles of corporate governance; • as a consequence, we consider that the companies under study show a high degree of compliance with the principles of corporate governance developed by the BSE, thus understanding that good corporate governance can ensure the sustainable development of the company.
The contribution of the current study is to provide information regarding Corporate governance in Romania and the degree of compliance with the principles and provisions of the listed entities. Our main research tool, the corporate governance index, calculated after a framework proposed by the authors for 61 listed entities in Romania reflects a high degree of compliance. We believe that the ease of access to additional funds, the increase of transparency in reporting, the sustainable development in the context of globalisation and the increase of the market value of the company are the benefits of an efficient corporate governance system that can represent a competitive advantage to any economic entity.